. MARYAM () : https://youtu.be/6I1ujFtU0CciTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14482. These are the only members of the clergy who are allowed to celebrate the mass and administer sacraments. All other texts are in Geez. With this stage the pupil is introduction to the art of reading Geez, and his Fidel lessons are therefore completed. [ . It is also an occasion of joy for the family, and the parents usually organize a feast to mark the event. Students come to the teacher in a group of three or four, all studying the same text. = , 16. 2, 117). . The majority of the Debtera are laymen, and as such they are not allowed to serve in the mass and the administration of sacraments. In doing so, a In doing so, a mixed-method research ap proach with the convergent parallel . JECS is providing a platform for researchers, academicians, professionals, practitioners, and students to impart and share knowledge in the form . GUNDI WEYNI ( ) : https://youtu.be/8rKoXPaauI47. = , 14. = , 8 . The school has a reputation for having its students promoted. = , 22 - . = , 22. : : 1. The expressions are vividly illustrated with parables, analogies, proverbs, and popular wisdom. ADE EYESUS ( ) : https://youtu.be/Kg9KflxOW5M8. ? However, zm also survives in the reli-gious tradition of the Falashas, a Judaized people living in northwestern Ethiopia whose origin is widely debated. = ( ) - ., 3. . = ( ) = .. A new comer must ask him for permission to attend his classes. This does not include pupils receiving instruction in the village schools and in private compounds. = [ the beginning of reading. 2003-Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -, 1. These are most widespread but there are other forms, e.g. in Gojjam, the Gonji and Washera schools of Qene differ from this. There are ofcourse reasons for their diligence. The Qene lessons usually start in the afternoon or in some places early in the evening. = , 26. 13 - ( ) = . ], 7. Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC). The related musical notation is known as melekket. The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared.Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. At certain ceremonies he may recite prayers, if no priest is available. Last updated 14 Jan. 2023 video Source [6], Students of Ethiopian liturgical chants study the Ge'ez language, and begin practicing singing in childhood. . KEYARI TARIKEY ( ): https://youtu.be/3bpkpnH9qqUiTunes: http://itunes.apple.com/album/id14481Apple Music : http://itunes.apple.com/album/id/14483. The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the House of Reading is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. ( ) . = , 15. The following illustration may make this clear. If the student has already read different books as described above, the student of the Psalms is not too difficult. (Literature school) 1) The Nebab Bet The Nebab Bet, the Reading School or the "House of Reading" is the first stage of the traditional schools, where primary instruction is given. On the day of his graduation the student is asked, by the guests and students present, to im- provize as many qne as they wish. He can then practice reading different religious texts. : 1: - - - Zema means a pleasing sound, a song or a melody in Ge'ez,[1][3] the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. After repeating the entire book of Psalms several times using Wurdnebab, he continues reading for months, even over a year, using the Qum-Nebab reading method. = , 24 - .= , 25 - . [ . ], 16 - , 17 - = , 18 - . [ ], 3 - = , 4 - . He repeats this for months. 3. Your email address will not be published. b) Quene Bet and (Poetry school) This page was last edited on 29 November 2022, at 02:51. On such tables the number of the letters and the forms in the seven orders remain the same, but the place of the characters is changed or mixed up, so that the child cannot depend only on his memory and the sequence in which he has memorized the characters. One of the main reasons for this change is that the graduates of the church schools have lost their traditional elite status in the social order, which today particularly in the modern sector, is being occupied by those who have a modern western type of education. Therefore, these patristic writings are not to be considered critically, but simply learnt by heart. The training challenges the memory of the child rather than leading him to think. ], 1. Prominent Zema bet are at Dbr Abbay (Tgray), Sllkula (Wllo) and Gon Tewodros (Goam). This is considered one of the most important events in the life of the pupil. [5] Yared, who lived in the sixth century, represents the first known case of indigenous Ethiopian musical notation and religious music. BETI HAILI : ( ) : https://youtu.be/krOS4KgG_249. This way the group can compare its progress to know how far it had grasped the interpretation of the previous time. house of zema [chant]) is a part of the system of traditional church education. When the pupil knows the letters to some extent, he starts to practice reading a text. Instruction in the Nebab bet consists almost exclusively of reading. The pupil now learns to read the psalms, the most important devotional book of Ethiopian Christians. ( = ), 001. Each Nebab Bet may have an average of 20 pupils. For, in spite of the inevitable changes taking place in Ethiopia with the steady expansion of modern secular education in the present century, church schools still play an active part in the Ethiopian educational scene. There are Qene forms or models that the student has to master in order to be able to compose the Qene poems which are sung in different sections of the liturgy of the church or used to celebrate church and state ceremonials. () = , 31. . = , 26. () = , 1. = . The child, who is led by his teacher or a monitor, touches with a straw each letter from left to right of the table and names the letter in a loud voice. Refresh. [12], Liturgical chant used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Saint Yared's Hymn for the Feast of Saint Stephen, "Ethiopian chant | vocal music | Britannica", "Ethiopian Christian Liturgical Chant & Historical Context", "Choeur Saint Yared: Chants de L'glise thiopienne", "Oral and Written Transmission in Ethiopian Christian Chant", Norwegian University of Science and Technology, "St. Yared: The Great Ethiopian Composer", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_chant&oldid=1124513207, Articles with dead external links from December 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In practice however, few fall into this category, and these few are not usually known as Debtera. This hope is perhaps one of the motives that encourages the student to spend more that half of his life at such a school. b) Drill in the reading of various religious texts The rest, including the teaching the traditions and service of the Church, is learned through daily experience in the parish itself. A Debtera is a general term given to all those who have completed one of the higher schools of the church. When the teacher is convinced from his daily observations that his pupil had mastered the reading exercises, he lets him start to learn the reading of the Psalms. Here the child practices reading at a very lively pace, but without mistakes. The teacher of Zema sits in the middle of his pupils, who are practicing their daily assignment of the hymns individually or in-groups. Contact-us Written by Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie and Professor Tadesse Tamerat [ . ], 30. [4] It has been suggested by Monneret de Villard that liturgical dance, that always accompanies the music, has its origins in the Ancient Egyptian dance. 1 = . .. = , 28. . . Modern education, of recent origin, is provided mainly in schools operated by the Government. The teacher either approves and gives the student a new assignment or orders further practice on the same text. . . raider. In this way the historical interpretations are mixed with legendary tales and special natural events, all considered to be miracles, and even concrete phenomena are given symbolical meanings. Thus relatively little education is expected from a young man to be ordained an altar priest. ( ) = , 2. When this group leaves the teacher, another group or individual comes to read to the teacher and hears his commentary. The same process is repeated for several days or even months. The following texts are known to have been used in different areas: Gabata Hawaria, i.e. memorization. Some students try to attend more than one master in more than one school, in order to reach a higher level of mastering qne. The habit of memorization and the uncritical acceptance of the commentary condition the mode of thinking of the student. [11] Ethiopian Church music remains tightly bounded within the communities and rarely attracts attention by outsiders. . : 1 - = , 6. In some cases the Ethiopic catechetical book, the Aemade Mestir (Columnae Mister), particularly Mistere Sellassie (on the Trinity), is taught in Amharic. In the Christian highlands of Ethiopia, the Church constituted the main guardian of traditional culture and provided the only schools in the land for many centuries. In the course of the centuries the school system has grown and changed in many ways. If he is not satisfied, he can leave the school and look for another one. = [ ], 7. They are known as ararai, ezil and geeze. = [ ], 8. / [ ], 2. . = , 10. The leading teachers and scholars of the church, who are known as Debtera, are trained in the higher school. = , 5. .. = , 19. The church schools that have been described above provide the continuation of traditional education in Ethiopia. () - ., 10. = . = , 3. According to the Church Office there are about 15,000 churches in Ethiopia. With the spread of modern education and a modern school system this institution is declining. = , 11 - = , 12 - = , 13 - = , 14 - = , 15 - . The last branch of the Metsehaf Bet is the Menekosat, the School of Commentaries on monastic literature. When he is convinced that the pupil has reached the level of knowledge traditionally required at this stage of learning, he indicated that the time has come when he may leave the Nebab Bet. = , 9 - ( ) = ( )- ., 10 - . . Therefore, the Nebab bet and the church schools as a whole can not be considered to serve the entire population, but only members of the Orthodox Christian Church. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church. However, in the urban centers and roadside towns the elementary church school, the Nebab Bet is flourishing as an institution to prepare pupils for Government schools, teaching young children literacy in Amharic. In the student an aesthetic interest is developed, or at least awakened. a) Fidel (Alphabets) Instruction () = This process is known as Qutir, i.e. . He is credited for inventing the zema of the Church; the chant that has been in use continuously for the last almost 1500 years. ( ) = , 1.. Despite hardships during the time of studies, many students hope for a good position in the Church, where the masters of qne have always been greatly appreciated. This is particularly important for those students who plan to continue on the higher learning, since passages from the Psalms are used frequently in the hymns and poems of the church. What is the process of training and what is offered in the higher schools? Humming at the lowest range of the male voice. He then learns Zeamlakiye (3 verses), Wazema (5 verses). 37 - , 1 - - ( 1 - 7 ) , 2 - , 6 - , 8 - - ( 8 - 11 ) , 9 - , 1 - .. , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 - , 6 - , 7 - , 8 - ' , 9 - , 10 - ' , 11 - , 12 - , 13 - , 14 - , 15 - , 16 - , 17 - , 18 - . b) Reading lessons from religious books The teacher first translates the sentence into Amharic and then comments on it. Server IP address resolved: Yes Http response code: 200 Response time: 0.55 sec. The teacher of the Qne bet is called mggabe miir, the teacher/administrator of mystery/secret/sacrament). As a next step to help him distinguish individual letters, he is led to pronounce each letter reading from right to left and then from top to bottom. Around that period, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church already had a corpus of prayers. Most studies conclude that there has been impressive consistency since the 1500s. selected epistles of St. Paul, St. James, and St. Peter; the Gospels, usually the Gospel of St. John is used as a text for exercise; Arganon: praises of St. Tamara Mariam: the miracles and wonder of St. Mary; Paulos: the epistles of St. Paul; Tamara Iyasus: the miracles of Jesus; the Acts of the Apostles, etc. The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from mnnn, to renounce; KaneDic 272f.) Regional varieties may have become standardized over time, and more symbols and segments of music have become available for composers. In the Zema bet, the following major discipline blocks are taught: (1) the Dggwa, (2) the Zmmare/Mwat, (3) Mzgb qddase/ Satat (not required for those who want to be ordained deacon and priest) and (4) Aqqwaqwam. Online. Quick Summary . For this purpose scanty training suffices. () = , 20. .hide-if-no-js { THE ROLE OF THE ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH IN LITERATURE AND ART - Ethiopic or Ge'eze literature - The literary achievements of the Aksumite period (5th - 7th centuries) - The Solomonic restoration - Liturgical works - Painting and manuscript art THE ETHIOPIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH SCHOOL SYSTEM - Introduction - The nebab bet - Fidel instruction ( ) :: :. Addis Ababa December 1970. [8], Ethiopian liturgical chants are based on both written and oral sources,[9] but the isolation of Ethiopia and the lack of source material make it difficult to reconstruct the exact history of Ethiopian church music. We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. [ ], 9. [1] The related musical notation is known as melekket. = , 4. . The Journal of Ethiopian Church Studies (JECS) is a high-quality peer-reviewed research journal that is published under the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Church Research Institute (EOTCRI) once a year. learning by counting each letter. [ . ], 4. .. = , 20. B TIMKETKA (): https://youtu.be/5xfT3aTCWOY4. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church > > > > > > //// . Its graduates become cantors of Ethiopian Orthodox (Twado) Church. It has been expounded by the fathers of the Church both in the . . ], 2. When he is able to distinguish the letters he passes to the next drill known as Geez, i.e. () -., 18 - = , 11 - = , 20 - = , 21 - = , 3. . . It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet. One of the group reads a sentence or a phrase. It is a one-teacher school, with instruction given by a priest or layman with church education. However, before and after the mass there are readings of the scriptures, ritual dance, and long hymns and poems. . = , 30 . . In the just completed Ethiopian year, it managed to get all its 8, 10, and 12 graders pass school leaving examinations.The School ranked 1st out of private schools in Addis Ababa and was awarded three cups as well as one big cup for being a general winner. ( . ) . . = , 22. If one misses a word or an idea, another member of the group recalls it and supplements. Qedasse Bet The training of the altar priest Through observation or day-to-day practice and instruction by his priest-master, the boy learns the Church activities and functions of a deacon and of a priest. [4], By the beginning of the sixth century, in Yared's lifetime, Ethiopia had been Christianized. We shall not discuss here the historical development, but rather the educational activities of the schools, as we know them today in the country. The students begins by learning first the simplest Qene form known as the Gubae Qana which is epigram composed of two rhyming verses. (..). Fewer young people are motivated to study in the higher church schools. He is thus able to analyse the qne composed by other experts and thus learn the composition skills in greater depth. There are several reasons for this. C) Reading the Psalms , 23. However, in rural districts, parents generally discouraged the education of girls, since their function is to be housewives, and for this role no formal education is felt to be necessary. [10], Ethiopian Orthodox Christians form approximately 43.5% of the population of modern day Ethiopia. Ancient chanted liturgy with congregation participating with clapping, ululation and rhythmic movements has been retained from that era. The teacher normally does not set a formal examination to judge the work of the pupil. When the teacher feels that his pupil has mastered this stage, he leads him to Wurdnebab. = , 8 - () = - - . 3) higher schools, namely = , 13 [ ], 11 - () = ( ) - .. Low and deep voice. It is generally recognized that the most able clergy of the Church are those trained in the Qene School. Modern theological colleges exist which combine traditional studies with the broader curriculum demanded in the twentieth century. Ethiopian Christian music is largely sustained by communities of descent. Theoretically, priests and monks can also be characterized as Debtera, if they have completed studies in one of the higher schools. When he was studying a particular part of the Fidel the student unrolled the parchment and fixed the two-ends of the roll on a wooden stick with a piece of cloth or string. Children master the 231 letters of the Geez syllabary, and are drilled in the art of good reading. Rather, it is as a mnemonic. The exercise of reading can be quite difficult for the beginner, particularly because the text is in Geez, a language no longer spoken and therefore far from the experience of the child. , There are also other Qene types which are however not as widespread as the Samenna Worq. Everything there is to Ethiopia from around the web. The advanced student of the Qne bet acting as assistant teacher is called zrafi, lit. , . At the end the graduation ceremony is closed by inviting him to sit on the chair (wmbr) of his master. It is difficult to estimate the number of Nebab Bet in the country or to evaluate the school population involved. Despite it's the Ethiopia Orthodox Mezmur old history and undiscovered information this topic is given a little focus and . = , 1. [ ], 9. 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The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur have a long history in Ethiopia although their origins are not clear. THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A PANORAMA OF HISTORY AND SPIRITUAL LIFE = [ ], 3. 1) Nebab Bet (Reading school) However, he follows the progress of his student daily, so no special tests are needed. . Theoretically, both boys and girls and members of all ethnic groups and classes are eligible to enroll in church schools. = , 3. The Qne bet ( 'house of the qne') is a stage of the traditional church education in the Ethiopian Orthodox Twahdo Church.It follows upon the nbab bet, the zema bet, the qddase bet and precedes the mshaf bet.In the Qne bet the students focus on the theory and practice of the composition of qne.The Qne bet student is frequently compared the hermit (mnna, from . Education takes place in liturgical dance schools called aqwaqwam bt and includes, in addition to singing and dancing, training in traditional instruments such as the kebero, drums, tsanatsel, sistrum, and mequamia. display: none !important; The pupil must first perfectly master Gz and build up his vocabulary, which is the main instru ment of learning as well as composing and interpreting qne. Zema-Bet education in the three selected Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido churches found in Bahir Dar cit y. Traditionally, teachers in different areas select any text for reading. Nsebho LeEgziabher Sibuha Zetesebha 1 Yaredawi . . . = , 1. Zema bet ( , lit. = , 12. Moreover, having its own written language and literature it developed from very early days a tradition of ecclesiastical scholarship. [2] The tradition began after the sixth century and is traditionally identified with Saint Yared. The third branch is Liqawent, which presents studies and comments on the various writings of the Church Fathers, e.g. For the authority of tradition in present day Ethiopia remains compelling and forceful. Some of the pupils who complete the Nebab Bet join a Qedasse School, one of the schools are the liturgy. BEALTI XELOT ( ) : https://youtu.be/yyz8lAfwMFY6. Through history, the Ethiopian liturgical chants have undergone an evolution similar to that of European liturgical chants. c) Metsehaf Bet which again have different subdivisions. As the main task of the session some Geez verbs are conjugated, and the proper usage of selected verbs and nouns is demonstrated by examples from different Qene verses composed by the teacher and advanced students on the spot. , 15 -. = , 20 - . The prime function of the Nebab bet is to teach children to read religious books, practically all of which are in Geez. This faith, the churches believes, is derived from the apostolic heritage and borne witness to in the New Testament against the background of the Old Testament. 6 This limitation of the enrolment is mainly due to the large number applicants and to an insufficient number of schools, so parents, especially those who do not need the labour of their children, are obliged to send their children to the Nebab bet as a first step to enrolment in a modern government school. Here the student attempts to put the letters together in a chanting form and read them as a word. The student learns Qene with more interest and motivation than the other disciplines, such as Zema. The teacher either accepts the verses or the offers critical comments and sends the student back for further meditation, students come at intervals to the teacher to recite in the manner. = , 21. () = - ., 10. ( ) = , 4. Wandering students usually come from farming and clerical families very few are from the higher classes. = , 28 - = . . = , 3. Ethiopianorthodox.org The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Roles of Orthodox teachings. ( ) = , 13. . To help the child distinguish the different characteristics of the alphabet another table has been prepared. In doing so, a mixed-method research approach with the convergent parallel design was employed. To demonstrate this we should describe the average study day at the Zema Bet. . At this stage memorization is not felt as a burden by the student, because ever since his early days in the Nebab Bet he has developed his powers of memorization. Usually a candidate for his training is attached to a priest or monk to whom he gives certain services, accompanying him on visits of families, festivals, and ceremonies in and outside the parish. The child uses four methods to practice reading this text known as Fidel Hawaria or the first Epistle of St. john, first he pronounces every letter of the word pointing at each letter with a straw (Qutir-method). We find the Nebab Bet in practically all churches and monasteries, in a number of villages and in the compounds of well-to-do landlords. 19 - .. . 20 = (2) . Aside from the Authoritarian tradition there is another consideration; the student is not allowed to have a critical opinion about any text to be commented upon, since it is believed that God revealed the content to the Fathers through the Holy Sprit. Mggabe miir, the student gt ; & gt ; & gt ; & gt ; & gt &. Present day Ethiopia remains compelling and forceful provided mainly in schools operated the! Them as a word or an idea, another group or individual comes to read religious books, all... Practices reading at a very lively pace, but simply learnt by heart bet join a Qedasse school, instruction. 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