"Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion". 720 pages, Hardcover. This war was total in the sense that civilians on both sides participated in the war effort to a significant extent and the armies on both sides waged war against both the civilian population and military forces. [20] Anti-Manchu sentiments were strongest in southern China among the Hakka community, a Han Chinese subgroup. | Sitemap |. Its goals were religious, nationalist, and political in nature; Hong sought the conversion of the Han people to the Taiping's syncretic version of Christianity, to overthrow the Qing dynasty, and a state transformation. After moving down the Yangtze River and recapturing the strategic city of Anqing, Zeng's forces besieged Nanjing during May, 1862. "[105], Famine, disease, massacres, and social disruption led to a sharp decline in population, especially in the Yangtze delta region. [111] In Flashman and the Dragon, the fictional Harry Paget Flashman recounts his adventures during the Second Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion. The imperial system was greatly weakened as a result of the uprising. The situation proved intolerable, and all the great powers' armies While Taiping forces were preoccupied in Jiangsu, Zeng's forces moved down the Yangtze River. The Taiping rebels were seen chanting while slaughtering the Manchus in Hefei. 112 matching entries found. Occasionally, the Nian rebels collaborated with Taiping forces, for instance, they collaborated during the Northern Expedition. [62], Traditionalist works like those of Confucius were burned and their sellers executed. Hong Xiuquan's followers rose up against Yang in 1856, killing him, his family, and the rebel soldiers loyal to him. However, based on Hong's understanding of Christianity, men and women were kept strictly segregated, and even married couples were prohibited from living together or having sex. See also [57]) This resulted in the protracted series of conflicts being misnamed the Haw wars. Chesneaux, Jean. Sarah Ockler, Don't be deceived by the thoughts of obscurity that lingers around your head. [115] According to historian Eugene P. Boardman, the Qing dynasty's enforcement of the treaty of 18421844 was frustrating US and British officials, especially in terms of open trade. I slay the evil, preserve the righteous, and relieve the people's suffering. The group was called "the God Worshippers," which relied on local Among the Navy's commanders was the Hang King Tang Zhengcai. [73] In 1853, Hong Xiuquan invited American missionary Issachar Jacox Roberts to come to Nanking to aid in the administration of his government. Oberon "Holy revelations Druidman! Related Topics. On the surface, we as American women are independent, free, and mobile, but at our cores we still long for love, friendship, happiness, tranquility, and to be heard. This was possible because Han culture in the region accommodates a great deal of linguistic diversity, so the Zhuang could be absorbed as if the Zhuang language were just another Han Chinese dialect (which it is not). This tension culminated in the 1856 Tianjing Incident, wherein Yang and his followers were slaughtered by Wei Changhui, Qin Rigang, and their troops on Hong Xiuquan's orders.[48]. [67] They were assisted by non-Muslim Shan and Kakhyen and other hill tribes in the revolt. Hungarian (Habsburg), British, French, and Italian infantry, as well as [114] That change was captured in a letter from the American missionary Divie Bethune McCartee. With no reliable census at the time, estimates of the death toll of the rebellion are necessarily based on projections. The 14-year civil war combined with other internal and external wars weakened the dynasty but provided incentive for an initially successful period of reform and self-strengthening. "I ain't what I ought to be. Historian John King Fairbank compares the Taiping rebels with the communists under Mao Zedong who came to power a century later: In addition to the zeal, vigor, and puritanical discipline so often found in new political movements, they shared certain traditional Chinese interests, such as propagating and maintaining doctrinal orthodoxy, recruiting an elite of talent, realizing a utopian social order, and developing military power based on farmer-soldiers. But after Tianguifu's capture on October 25, 1864, Taiping resistance was gradually pushed into the highlands of Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian and finally Guangdong, where one of the last Taiping loyalists, Wang Haiyang, was defeated on January 29, 1866. [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningpo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. David Strand, and Ming K. Chan, "Militarism and Militarization in Modern Chinese History". Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[103] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. It was weak in the southern regions where local clans dominated. On January 11, 1851, Hong declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which comes the term "Taipings" commonly used for them in English language studies. Both opponents used scorched earth tactics, as well as mass executions. All Rights Reserved. History down through the centuries has proved again and again that there can be but one outcome to a struggle for selfish power against forces fighting to protect and advance human rights. Taiping troops surrounded Shanghai in January 1862, but were unable to capture it. Certain I am, that Christian Religion does no where allow Rebellion. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. Go and shine the light in you. As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. A would-be scholar named Hong Xiuquan, from the Hakka minority, had tried for years to pass the exacting imperial civil service examinationsbut had failed each time. Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the Quotes submission guide. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to Kate Atkinson, Fifty-five thousand, five hundred and seventy-three dead from Bomber Command. Although the Qing regime put down the last vestiges of the rebellion in 1868, th Strayer Chapter 20 Colonialism pgs. Although Karl Marx wrote several articles about the Taipings, he did not perceive a social program or agenda for change, only violence and destruction. [90] On 27 October 1853, they crossed the Yellow River in T'sang-chou and murdered 10,000 Manchus.[91]. Very few Taiping rebels, even in the leadership caste, came from the imperial bureaucracy. As their name ("guest households") suggests, the Hakka were generally treated as migrant newcomers, and often subjected to hostility and derision from the local majority Han populations. The imperial examination (Chinese: ; pinyin: kj; lit. The terms which writers use for the conflict and its participants often represent their different opinions. Zuo Zongtang from Hunan province was another important Qing general who contributed in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion. His son Wu Yazhong, also called Wu Kun (), fled to Vietnam but was killed in 1869 in Bc Ninh by a Qing-Vietnamese coalition. Top Taiping Rebellion Quotes History down through the centuries has proved again and again that there can be but one outcome to a struggle for selfish power against forces fighting to protect and advance human rights. CHINA. Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. [106] However, trade in coastal regions, especially in Guangzhou (Canton) and Ningbo was less affected by violence than trade in inland areas was. [26] His heavenly father lamented that men were worshiping demons rather than himself and informed Hong that his given name violated taboos and had to be changed, suggesting as one option the "Hong Xiuquan" moniker ultimately adopted by Hong. Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Red Turban Rebellion in China (1351-1368), Biography of Mao Zedong, Father of Modern China, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Modern Asian Studies, 138. [10] Other historians such as Jrgen Osterhammel term the conflict "Taiping Revolution" because of the rebels' radical transformational objectives and the social revolution that they initiated. Our goal is to help you by delivering amazing quotes to bring inspiration, personal growth, love and happiness to your everyday life. How the Taiping Rebellion Worked (Podcast Episode 2009) Quotes on IMDb: Memorable quotes and exchanges from movies, TV series and more. 111 Taiping Rebellion Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images BROWSE Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 111 Taiping Rebellion Premium High Res Photos Browse 111 taiping rebellion stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Be the first to contribute! And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to Kate Atkinson, Fifty-five thousand, five hundred and seventy-three dead from Bomber Command. In 1863, Shi Dakai surrendered to the Qing near the Sichuan capital Chengdu and was executed by slow-slicing. Other "Flag Gangs" armed with the latest weapons, disintegrated into bandit groups that plundered remnants of the Lan Xang kingdom. The most significant effect of the Taiping Revolt was loss of life. 922-948, 6.03 Agricultural Revolution Lecture Notes, BCM Task 4 Rev1 - lecture notes on the Haitian Revolution in the entirety for BCM1 Task 4 in WGU, Postwar Technology - The combatants in these wars made mass use of weapons pioneered in colonial, U.S. In 1861, around the time of the death of the Xianfeng Emperor and ascension of the Tongzhi Emperor, Zeng Guofan's Xiang Army captured Anqing with help from a naval blockade imposed by the Royal Navy on the city. Meanwhile, Christian missionaries were active. Taiping leaders may have reached out to Triad organizations, which had many cells in South China and among government troops. [114] Upon visiting the capital, some members of the expedition wrote that "devastation marked our journey" in reference to the conditions in Taiping territories. Even though it is virtually impossible to establish the exact number of casualties that succumbed to the Taiping . Scientists have long known that Darwinism is false. Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. The result was a shortage in labor supply for the first time in centuries, making labor relatively more valuable than land. Taiping Rebellion Definition (1850-1864) Massive rebellion against the Qing led by Hong Xiuquan, who claimed to be the youngest brother of Jesus Christ come to earth to create a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace". [75], Separation of the sexes was strictly enforced in the first few years, although it tapered off in later years. | Contact Us Enjoy reading and share 3 famous quotes about The Taiping Rebellion with everyone. the victors. She's on to us!". In Lisa See's novel Snow Flower and the Secret Fan the title character is married to a man who lives in Jintian and the characters get caught up in the action. [38], The movement at first grew by suppressing groups of bandits and pirates in southern China in the late 1840s, then suppression by Qing authorities led it to evolve into guerrilla warfare and subsequently a widespread civil war. PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 18401949. That's all. Creativity is the greatest rebellion in existence. Hong saw Confucianism was a shadow of its noble origin, being now a tool of the Qing to tyrannize Han people, libraries of the Confucian monasteries were destroyed (almost completely in the case of the Yangtze Delta area),[74] and the temples were often defaced or turned into temples of his new religion or hospitals and libraries. In English, the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace has often been shortened to simply the Taipings, from the word "Peace" in the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace, but it was never a term that either the Taipings or their enemies used to refer to them. called the Boxers. Taiping Rebellion. [50] Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. [73] In regards to religion, the Kingdom established as official religion Hong's Shenism, which held that Hong Xiuquan was the younger brother of Jesus and second son of the Emperor. Taiping Rebellion, radical political and religious upheaval that was probably the most important event in China in the 19th century. Zeng's Xiang Army proved effective in gradually turning back the Taiping advance in the western theater of the war and ultimately retaking much of Hubei and Jiangxi provinces. The Taiping army was the rebellion's key strength. STUDIES ON THE POPULATION OF CHINA, 13681953. As a result, the Taiping Rebellion was likely the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century, with an estimated 20 - 30 million casualties, mostly civilians. Nanjing was put under siege and fell several. Seven million German dead, including the five hundred thousand killed by the Allied bombing campaign. During the Dungan revolt, various groups fought against each other without any coherent goal. ; Affairs at Ningpo Admiral Hope Finds Fault with the Rebels Proceedings of the Insurrectionists Distress at Shanghai How Foreigners are to be Protected", "Western colonialism - The Opium Wars | Britannica", "New Chinese Military History, 18391951: What's the Story? Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. Book details & editions. [106] The Xiang Army used scorched earth tactics, refusing to take prisoners; Anhui, Southern Jiangsu, Northern Zhejiang and Northern Jiangxi were severely depopulated and had to be repopulated with migrants from Henan. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor. violence. The Taiping army's main strategy of conquest was to take major cities, consolidate their hold on the cities, then march out into the surrounding countryside to recruit local farmers and battle government forces. The meaning of man's existence is not to dominate over others, but to better humanity. Instead, it erupted as a result of intersectional fighting between Muslim factions and Han Chinese. What Was the Taiping Rebellion? The Qing dynasty, essentially, was finished. The Taiping Rebellion was a civil war waged in China over a fourteen-year period in the middle of the nineteenth century. In addition to the main Taiping forces organised along the above lines, there were also thousands of pro-Taiping groups fielding their own forces of irregulars. Although the fall of Nanjing in 1864 marked the destruction of the Taiping regime, the fight was not yet over. Juvenal, Hoping is such hard work. Combat was always bloody and extremely brutal, with little artillery but huge forces equipped with small arms. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. p. 239. Li Bo's Tienkuo: The Heavenly Kingdom takes place within the Taiping capital at Nanjing.[112]. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. The Taiping government maintained an ambivalent relationship with the Western powers who were active in China during this period. Both armies would attempt to push each other off of the battlefield, and though casualties were high, few battles were decisively won. The sixteen million of the First World War, over four million in Vietnam, forty million to the Mongol conquests, three and a half million to the Hundred Years War, the fall of Rome took seven million, the Napoleonic Wars took four million, twenty million to the Taiping Rebellion. The rebellion had profoundly weakened the Qing dynasty and laid the Hong was influenced by an eccentric Baptist missionary from the United States named Issachar Jacox Roberts. It broke out in 1851, a Han Chinese reaction against the Qing Dynasty, which was ethnically Manchu.The rebellion was sparked by a famine in Guangxi Province, and Qing government repression of the resulting peasant protests. After fighting the bloodiest civil war in world history, with over 20 million dead, the established Qing government won decisively, although at a great price to its fiscal and political structure. Rebellion against tyrants is obedience to God. And so on and so on and so on, all the way back to the Garden when Cain killed Abel. [65][66] Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, Li, Bai, and Hani peoples. | Privacy Policy It was not until August 1871 that the last Taiping army led by Shi Dakai's commander, Li Fuzhong (), was completely wiped out by government forces in the border region of Hunan, Guizhou and Guangxi.[56]. My eyes see through beyond the west, the north, the rivers, and the mountains. [68], The other Muslim rebellion, the Dungan revolt, was the reverse: it was not aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty because its leader Ma Hualong had accepted an imperial title. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The group was called "the God Worshippers," which relied on local interpretation of Christianity and sought to eliminate rampant corruption, famine, and abject poverty by establishing a "divine" state in Qing territory. | Privacy Policy Eventually, two other God Worshippers claimed to possess the ability to speak as members of the "Celestial Family", the Father in the case of Yang Xiuqing and Jesus Christ in the case of Xiao Chaogui.[39][40]. [115], According to Clarke the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the rebellion. 2 [107], The defeat of the Taiping Rebellion by military forces from Hunan led to the dramatic increase of Hunanese representation in the government, who played a role in reform efforts. territory. The men also grew out their hair, which had been kept in the queue style as per Qing regulations. In 2000 CCTV produced The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a 46-episode series about the Taiping Rebellion. Anti-Western uprising erupted throughout China, undertaken by groups Lisa See, Seven million German dead, including the five hundred thousand killed by the Allied bombing campaign. Contemporary accounts describe the amount of desolation which befell rural areas as a result of the conflict. The domineering air will be joyous for myriads of thousand years. Shunshin Chin, Joshua A. Fogel (Translator) 3.00. Ethnicity, Identity, and Minority Status in China's Modern Transformation", College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, "From Yunnan to Xinjiang:Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", Military Organization and Power Structure of China During the Taiping Rebellion, "Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion", "Christian Influence Upon the Ideology of the Taiping Rebellion", "OUR CHINA CORRESPONDENCE. Effect of the conflict and its participants often represent their different opinions ( Translator ) 3.00 the battlefield, Ming! 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